Blaspheme is from the Greek word "blasphemeo". 

It is made up of 2 other Greek words.

1 - "blapio" - to injure, rail against, abuse...

2 - "pheme" - to speak

Thus blaspheme is to speak abusive and railing words against someone.  Is used in 1Tim. 1:20 as a verb and 1 Tim. 1:13 as an adjective. 

Blaspheme is more than simply swearing, although that would be included since when one uses Jesus' name in a bad way, that is speaking abusively against Jesus. Any kind of speech that is not complementary towards anyone could be considered blaspheme.  

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